4da5c2c0-6a29-58c7-9f27-02b2df2ec0b9 Cold-formed structural steel hollow sections (TIBNOR (SE)) Material Metal Structural Steel The starting format for manufacture of steel hollow profiles is mostly a coil of hot-rolled strip. The strip is de-coiled and after surface preparation, it is cut to an appropriate width, formed by bending to a round, square or rectangular shape and then welded longitudinally. The shaping operation can be performed either cold or on strip which has been heated. The procedure is carried out in a continuous line, the final operation being cutting to length. Hot-formed profiles have lower internal stresses than cold-formed which means that there is less risk for shape changes if they are cut, machined or welded. The principal advantages of cold-formed profiles are better dimensional tolerances and surface finish. Hollow profiles, especially those with square or rectangular section, are used as a complement to beam profiles in building construction and civil engineering. Compared with H- and I-beam profiles and U-channels, the closed shape of hollow profiles means that, for a given cross-sectional area, they have much better resistance to twisting. The steel grades used for cold- and hot-formed hollow profiles are most often weldable, low-carbon constructional steels with an iron content of 98% or more. As with other steel products, hollow profiles used in building and civil engineering constructions can at the end of their useful life be recovered and recycled to 100%. 0 2025 2030 2025-12-18 The starting format for manufacture of steel hollow profiles is mostly a coil of hot-rolled strip. The strip is de-coiled and after surface preparation, it is cut to an appropriate width, formed by bending to a round, square or rectangular shape and then welded longitudinally. The shaping operation can be performed either cold or on strip which has been heated. The procedure is carried out in a continuous line, the final operation being cutting to length. Hot-formed profiles have lower internal stresses than cold-formed which means that there is less risk for shape changes if they are cut, machined or welded. The principal advantages of cold-formed profiles are better dimensional tolerances and surface finish. Hollow profiles, especially those with square or rectangular section, are used as a complement to beam profiles in building construction and civil engineering. Compared with H- and I-beam profiles and U-channels, the closed shape of hollow profiles means that, for a given cross-sectional area, they have much better resistance to twisting. The steel grades used for cold- and hot-formed hollow profiles are most often weldable, low-carbon constructional steels with an iron content of 98% or more. As with other steel products, hollow profiles used in building and civil engineering constructions can at the end of their useful life be recovered and recycled to 100%. The primary intended use of hot-finished structural hollow sections (HFSHS) is as a high-performance structural component in various engineering and construction sectors. These products are manufactured to provide a high strength-to-weight ratio and superior resistance to torsional (twisting) forces compared to open profiles like H-beams or I-beams. EPD EPD Hub Core PCR 1.2 specific dataset One Click LCA database ecoinvent database (all versions) HUB-4715.pdf Imane Uald Lamkaddam EN 15804+A2 ISO 14025 TIBNOR (SE) Patrik Bjelovuk 2025-12-31T12:29:54.821+01:00 ILCD Format EPD-Datenformaterweiterungen v1.2 EPD Data Format Extensions v1.2 00.01.000 2025-12-18T14:16:06 EPD Hub HUB-4715 TIBNOR (SE) true Free of charge for all users and uses None EPD Hub Cold-formed structural steel hollow sections (TIBNOR (SE)) Use of renewable primary energy (PERE) Erneuerbare Primärenergie als Energieträger (PERE) Uso de energía primaria renovable excluyendo los recursos de energía primaria renovable utilizada como materia prima (PERE) General reminder flow Input MJ 1.24 0.014 -0.0367 None 0.000299 0.000935 0.0498 1.48e-05 -0.396 Use of renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials (PERM) Erneuerbare Primärenergie zur stofflichen Nutzung (PERM) Uso de energía primaria renovable utilizada como materia prima (PERM) General reminder flow Input MJ 0 0 0 None 0 0 0 0 0.0201 Total use of renewable primary energy resources (PERT) Total erneuerbare Primärenergie (PERT) Uso total de la energía primaria renovable (energía primaria y recursos de energía primaria renovable utilizada como materia prima) (PERT) General reminder flow Input MJ 1.24 0.014 -0.0367 None 0.000299 0.000935 0.0498 1.48e-05 -0.3759 Use of non renewable primary energy (PENRE) Nicht-erneuerbare Primärenergie als Energieträger (PENRE) Uso de energía primaria no renovable, excluyendo los recursos de energía primaria no renovable utilizada como materia prima (PENRE) General reminder flow Input MJ 28.8 0.801 0.00101 None 0.0472 0.0534 0.267 0.00153 -6.78 Use of non renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials (PENRM) Nicht-erneuerbare Primärenergie zur stofflichen Nutzung (PENRM) Uso de la energía primaria no renovable utilizada como materia prima (PENRM) General reminder flow Input MJ 0 0 0 None 0 0 0 0 0.0068 Total use of non renewable primary energy resource (PENRT) Total nicht erneuerbare Primärenergie (PENRT) Uso total de la energía primaria no renovable (energía primaria y recursos de energía primaria no renovable utilizada como materia prima) (PENRT) General reminder flow Input MJ 28.8 0.801 0.00101 None 0.0472 0.0534 0.267 0.00153 -6.7732 Use of secondary material (SM) Einsatz von Sekundärstoffen (SM) Uso de materiales secundarios (SM) General reminder flow Input kg 0.0293 0.000372 7.13e-07 None 1.96e-05 2.48e-05 0.000326 3.85e-07 0.409 Use of renewable secondary fuels (RSF) Erneuerbare Sekundärbrennstoffe (RSF) Uso de combustibles secundarios renovables (RSF) General reminder flow Input MJ 9.43e-06 4.7e-06 6.99e-09 None 5.12e-08 3.14e-07 1.51e-05 7.97e-09 -6.12e-05 Use of non renewable secondary fuels (NRSF) Nicht erneuerbare Sekundärbrennstoffe (NRSF) Uso de combustibles secundarios no renovables (NRSF) General reminder flow Input MJ 0 0 0 None 0 0 0 0 0 Use of net fresh water (FW) Einsatz von Süßwasserressourcen (FW) Uso neto de recursos de agua dulce (FW) General reminder flow Input m3 0.000517 0.000109 -3.2e-06 None 3.12e-06 7.28e-06 0.000142 1.59e-06 -0.00167 Hazardous waste disposed (HWD) Gefährlicher Abfall zur Deponie (HWD) Residuos peligrosos eliminados (HWD) General reminder flow Output kg 0.0191 0.00116 7.38e-06 None 5.25e-05 7.76e-05 0.00174 1.69e-06 -0.246 Non hazardous waste dispose (NHWD) Entsorgter nicht gefährlicher Abfall (NHWD) Residuos no peligrosos eliminados (NHWD) General reminder flow Output kg 0.17 0.0246 0.00555 None 0.000715 0.00164 0.063 3.87e-05 -1.92 Radioactive waste disposed (RWD) Entsorgter radioaktiver Abfall (RWD) Residuos radiactivos eliminados (RWD) General reminder flow Output kg 0.00023 2.57e-07 7.22e-10 None 5.12e-09 1.71e-08 5.8e-07 2.35e-10 6.97e-06 Components for re-use (CRU) Komponenten für die Wiederverwendung (CRU) Componentes para su reutilización (CRU) General reminder flow Output kg 0.000213 0 0 None 0 0 0.11 0 0 Materials for recycling (MFR) Stoffe zum Recycling (MFR) Materiales para el reciclaje (MFR) General reminder flow Output kg 0.0709 0 0.0008 None 0 0 0.88 0 0 Materials for energy recovery (MER) Stoffe für die Energierückgewinnung (MER) Materiales para valorización energética (recuperación de energía) (MER) General reminder flow Output kg 0.00117 0 0 None 0 0 0 0 0 Exported electrical energy (EEE) Exportierte elektrische Energie (EEE) Energía exportada electrica (EEE) General reminder flow Output MJ 0.00023 0 0.004 None 0 0 0 0 0 Exported thermal energy (EET) Exportierte thermische Energie (EET) Energía exportada termal (EET) General reminder flow Output MJ 0 0 0.0023 None 0 0 0 0 0 Global Warming Potential total (GWP-total) kg CO2 eqv. 2.49468 0.0569318 7.0925e-05 None 0.003600737 0.003802123 0.0198823 6.24158e-05 -0.7426026 Global Warming Potential fossil fuels (GWP-fossil) kg CO2 eqv. 2.5 0.0569 7.08e-05 None 0.0036 0.0038 0.0199 6.24e-05 -0.745 Global Warming Potential biogenic (GWP-biogenic) kg CO2 eqv. -0.00675 1.14e-05 0 None 3.68e-07 7.63e-07 -4.22e-05 -1.99e-08 0.00249 Global Warming Potential luluc (GWP-luluc) kg CO2 eqv. 0.00143 2.04e-05 1.25e-07 None 3.69e-07 1.36e-06 2.45e-05 3.57e-08 -9.26e-05 Depletion potential of the stratospheric ozone layer (ODP) kg CFC 11 eqv. 6.41e-09 1.13e-09 1.12e-12 None 5.52e-11 7.55e-11 2.67e-10 1.81e-12 -2.47e-09 Acidification potential of land and water (AP) mol H+ eqv. 0.00696 0.000118 4.28e-07 None 3.25e-05 7.9e-06 0.000237 4.43e-07 -0.00295 Eutrophication potential aquatic freshwater (EP-freshwater) kg P eqv. 1.81e-05 3.83e-06 2.17e-08 None 1.04e-07 2.56e-07 1.28e-05 5.13e-09 -0.00032 Eutrophication potential aquatic marine (EP-marine) kg N eqv. 0.00175 2.85e-05 4.91e-07 None 1.51e-05 1.9e-06 5.24e-05 1.69e-07 -0.000655 Eutrophication potential terrestrial (EP-terrestrial) mol N eqv. 0.0188 0.000307 1.76e-06 None 0.000165 2.05e-05 0.000592 1.84e-06 -0.00718 Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential (POCP) kg NMVOC eqv. 0.00548 0.000197 5.62e-07 None 4.93e-05 1.31e-05 0.000175 6.6e-07 -0.00244 Abiotic depletion potential for non fossil resources (ADPE) kg Sb eqv. 4.14e-06 1.9e-07 1.82e-10 None 1.29e-09 1.26e-08 1.41e-06 9.92e-11 -7.19e-06 Abiotic depletion potential for fossil resources (ADPF) MJ 28.6 0.801 0.00101 None 0.0472 0.0534 0.267 0.00153 -6.78 Water use (WDP) m3 world eqv. -0.0672 0.00398 3.16e-05 None 0.000118 0.000265 0.0048 4.42e-06 -0.125 Incidence of disease due to PM emissions (PM) disease incidence 6.58e-08 4.2e-09 7.26e-12 None 9.25e-10 2.8e-10 3.21e-09 1.01e-11 -4.92e-08 Potential Human exposure efficiency relative to U235 (IRP) kBq U235 eqv. 0.0825 0.00103 2.9e-06 None 2.09e-05 6.89e-05 0.00226 9.63e-07 0.0268 Potential Comparative Toxic Unit for ecosystems (ETP-fw) CTUe 0.462 0.107 0.000377 None 0.0026 0.0071 0.155 0.000129 -1.82 Potential Comparative Toxic Unit for humans - cancer effects (HTP-c) CTUh 2.04e-11 9.55e-12 3.9e-14 None 3.71e-13 6.37e-13 1.78e-11 1.15e-14 -1.19e-10 Potential Comparative Toxic Unit for humans - non-cancer effects (HTP-nc) CTUh 9.85e-10 5.07e-10 2.15e-12 None 5.87e-12 3.38e-11 1.21e-09 2.64e-13 -5.87e-09 Soil quality index (SQP) unitless 3.46 0.484 0.00101 None 0.0033 0.0323 0.519 0.00302 -2.16